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	<title>mortempo &#187; Essay</title>
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	<description>Edublog on digital tools.</description>
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		<title>New Realities, New Skills</title>
		<link>http://mortempo.net/2010/06/06/new-realities-new-skills/</link>
		<comments>http://mortempo.net/2010/06/06/new-realities-new-skills/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Jun 2010 14:59:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Morten</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Digital Literacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Master]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assessment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[connectivism]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[New Realities, New Skills]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;" title="View New Realities, New Skills on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/32594358/New-Realities-New-Skills">New Realities, New Skills</a> <object id="doc_191351637680302" style="outline:none;" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="100%" height="600" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="name" value="doc_191351637680302" /><param name="wmode" value="opaque" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=32594358&amp;access_key=key-1k8phm4qcbyqxq9etb8z&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list" /><param name="src" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed id="doc_191351637680302" style="outline:none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" height="600" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" flashvars="document_id=32594358&amp;access_key=key-1k8phm4qcbyqxq9etb8z&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" bgcolor="#ffffff" wmode="opaque" name="doc_191351637680302"></embed></object></p>
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		<title>Grammatical Competence and Models of L2 Learning</title>
		<link>http://mortempo.net/2009/12/14/grammatical-competence-and-models-of-l2-learning/</link>
		<comments>http://mortempo.net/2009/12/14/grammatical-competence-and-models-of-l2-learning/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2009 13:17:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Morten</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Master]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reflection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[acquisition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[grammar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language competence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language learning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language teaching]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ntnu]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Grammatical Competence and Models of L2 Learning]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;" title="View Grammatical Competence and Models of L2 Learning on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/24077488/Grammatical-Competence-and-Models-of-L2-Learning">Grammatical Competence and Models of L2 Learning</a> <object id="doc_293723237660009" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="100%" height="500" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="name" value="doc_293723237660009" /><param name="align" value="middle" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="play" value="true" /><param name="loop" value="true" /><param name="scale" value="showall" /><param name="wmode" value="opaque" /><param name="devicefont" value="false" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff" /><param name="menu" value="true" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="mode" value="list" /><param name="src" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=24077488&amp;access_key=key-210dw1s148cmfbbipei8&amp;page=1&amp;version=1&amp;viewMode=list" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed id="doc_293723237660009" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" height="500" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=24077488&amp;access_key=key-210dw1s148cmfbbipei8&amp;page=1&amp;version=1&amp;viewMode=list" mode="list" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" menu="true" bgcolor="#ffffff" devicefont="false" wmode="opaque" scale="showall" loop="true" play="true" quality="high" align="middle" name="doc_293723237660009"></embed></object></p>
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		<title>The Intercultural Classroom</title>
		<link>http://mortempo.net/2009/11/05/the-intercultural-classroom/</link>
		<comments>http://mortempo.net/2009/11/05/the-intercultural-classroom/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 21:33:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Morten</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Master]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reflection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[competence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intercultural]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intercultural competence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[knowledge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[third place]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mortempo.net/?p=489</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In this essay I will present the main content of two books attempting to address the increasing need to acquire cultural and intercultural skills and competence. I will focus on aspects of the two books which is relevant for my profession as a teacher in an international secondary school in Trondheim, and then go on [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In this essay I will present the main content of two books attempting to address the increasing need to acquire cultural and intercultural skills and competence. I will focus on aspects of the two books which is relevant for my profession as a teacher in an international secondary school in Trondheim, and then go on to discuss to what extent the information given helps me develop the necessary skills needed to be a modern language teacher.</p>
<p><a title="View Essay on Intercultural Competence on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/23526372/Essay-on-Intercultural-Competence" style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;">Essay on Intercultural Competence</a> <object codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0" id="doc_405011785296038" name="doc_405011785296038" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" align="middle"	height="500" width="100%" ><param name="movie"	value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=23526372&#038;access_key=key-1b05mhq6n4jgdg0m882w&#038;page=1&#038;version=1&#038;viewMode=book"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="play" value="true"><param name="loop" value="true"><param name="scale" value="showall"><param name="wmode" value="opaque"><param name="devicefont" value="false"><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"><param name="menu" value="true"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="salign" value=""><param name="mode" value="book"><embed src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=23526372&#038;access_key=key-1b05mhq6n4jgdg0m882w&#038;page=1&#038;version=1&#038;viewMode=book" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" play="true" loop="true" scale="showall" wmode="opaque" devicefont="false" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="doc_405011785296038_object" menu="true" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" salign="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" align="middle" mode="book" height="500" width="100%"></embed></object>	</p>
<p><a title="When the deal goes down by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/430819262/"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/174/430819262_535bf60eb6.jpg" alt="When the deal goes down" width="500" height="333" /></a></p>
<p><a title="When the deal goes down by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/430819262/"></a><em>Egyptian camel herders in Birquash, Egypt. </em><br />
The main target, or business, of Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall&#8217;s book <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr3adyadHC4C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;ots=LQbTHzu95P&amp;dq=Understanding%20Cultural%20Differences&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false"> </a><em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr3adyadHC4C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;ots=LQbTHzu95P&amp;dq=Understanding%20Cultural%20Differences&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Understanding Cultural Differences</a></em> (1990) is namely to cater to business travelers and people who engage in cultural exchanges with Germans, French and/or Americans. In this paper I will focus on the latter as I am an English language teacher, and through my presentation of the content of this book I will focus on the first chapter, but refer to the focus chapter on Americans. As the English cultural sphere expands way beyond the American one it is intercultural, or at least intracultural, in its nature, and I would therefore deem the importance of what is being presented by Hall and Hall on  Americans to be limiting in <a href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=people+speak+English">a world of 760 million speakers, or users, of English</a>. The authors discuss many universal issues of cultural differences which are still relevant today, although the book was published almost 20 years ago, and the key concepts are highly applicable to not only English-speaking cultures, but other cultures as well.</p>
<blockquote><p>To understand culture and how to interpret and assess it is as challenging as to navigate the world wide web. For argument&#8217;s sake one could argue that the skills necessary to surf the internet critically is more or less the same skills necessary to traverse the world&#8217;s numerous cultures and communicative systems.</p></blockquote>
<p>Hall and Hall writes that &#8220;Culture is communication&#8221; and divide communication into &#8220;<em>words, material things </em>and <em>behavior&#8221;</em>, and they compare culture to a giant, extraordinary complex subtle computer (Hall and Hall: 3). I fall for the temptation to upgrade their metaphor. To understand culture and how to interpret and assess it is as challenging as to navigate the world wide web. For argument&#8217;s sake one could argue that the skills necessary to surf the internet critically is more or less the same skills necessary to traverse the world&#8217;s numerous cultures and communicative systems. How does one teach these skills? In their introductory chapter &#8220;Underlying Structures of Culture&#8221; Hall and Hall attempt to present some key concepts for the reader in order to equip her for the challenge of deciphering the &#8220;complex, unspoken rules of each language&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 4). The main concepts are <em>context</em>, <em>space</em>, <em>time</em>, <em>information flow, action chains </em>and <em>interfacing</em>. I would deem them all relevant for my work as a modern language teacher.</p>
<p><em>&#8220;<strong>Context</strong> </em>is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of that event&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 6). Edward T. Hall presents a scaling device in which all cultures can be compared in terms of high or low contexts. High context (HC) communication is marked by the fact that most of the information passing is already known by the involved communicators, while low context (LC) communication is the opposite, &#8220;i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 6). Low-context cultures tend to &#8220;compartmentalize&#8221; their personal lives, which in turn leads to the need for them to seek background information from the people they interact with. On the other end of the scale high-context cultures do keep up to date on the events in the lives of people who are important to them. Examples of high-context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and Mediterranean, while low-context cultures include American, German, Swiss, Scandinavian and other Northern European countries. Although this is a rough generalization Hall and Hall are careful to point out that there exist individual differences in the need for <em>contexting</em>, meaning &#8220;the process of filling in background data&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 7). Perhaps the most notable information given in regards to context is that &#8220;any level of context is a communication&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 7). This of course is relevant for a L2 user of English in an English-speaking culture, or for a L2 user of Japanse in Tokyo. There are tremendous differences in relationships and to what extent it is a high or low context communication which is taking place. &#8220;One of the great communication challenges in life is to find the appropriate level of contexting needed in each situation&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 9). This is <em>intercultural </em>knowledge.<br />
<a title="Subway Solitude by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/2041922552/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2370/2041922552_97489c97f2.jpg" alt="Subway Solitude" width="500" height="324" /></a></p>
<p><a title="Subway Solitude by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/2041922552/"></a><em>Japanese girl on an early morning commute in Tokyo, Japan. </em><br />
<strong>Space.</strong> Hall and Hall defines space in the context of cultural differences as involving territoriality, the gradations of personal space, the multisensory spatial experience and the unconscious reactions to spatial differences. Territoriality is basically a deeply rooted human characteristic related to possession and ownership. One&#8217;s house, one&#8217;s office or one&#8217;s car are all examples of places one might have a strong sense of territoriality. Again, there are considerable differences both on a cultural and individual level. Personal space do also have varying gradations, and people&#8217;s &#8216;bubbles&#8217;, meaning the threshold of intimacy, tends to be large in Northern Europe where people keep their distance to others while in Southern Europe the communication taking place can be very intimate and hardly any distance between the interlocutors. Interestingly, Hall and Hall mention the fact that space is perceived by all our senses, and there are great cultural differences in the &#8220;programming&#8221; of the senses (Hall and Hall: 11). This multisensory spatial experience include auditory (listening), thermal (touching), kinesthetic (muscles) and olfactory (smelling) space. An obvious example is the perceived &#8216;noise&#8217; of Mediterranean conversations for a Scandinavian ear.</p>
<blockquote><p>Time is interesting as it is often a cause for great distress, annoyance and grudge for tourists and business travelers as they visit other cultures than their own where the perception of time differs.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Time.</strong> Time is interesting as it is often a cause for great distress, annoyance and grudge for tourists and business travelers as they visit other cultures than their own where the perception of time differs. Hall and Hall present the division between monochronic and polychronic time. This is just a simple classification as there are many time systems around the world, but they can be roughly grouped in the two perceptions of time. Monochronic cultures experience time as something linear, and is divided into segments which requires it to be scheduled and planned. This allows for focus and concentration on one task at the time. Schedules are important in monochronic cultures, and might often take priority before anything else. Hall and Hall make the interesting comparison between monochronic time and money &#8211; as something tangible and measurable. Time can be &#8216;wasted&#8217;, &#8216;spent&#8217; or &#8216;lost&#8217;. Polychronic systems on the other hand are the complete opposite. &#8220;There is more emphasis on completing human transactions, than on holding to schedules&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 14). The focus on flexibility and the ability to focus on &#8220;simultaneous occurrence of many things and by a <em>great involvement with people</em>&#8221; characterizes polychronic cultures. Geographically, Latin and Mediterranean cultures belong to the latter, while Americans and Northern Europeans would characterize themselves as belonging to a monochronic system. As mentioned, this is cause for a great deal of challenges for Scandinavian or American tourists traveling to Mediterranean destinations such as Spain where a three hour-long lunch appear confusing, or even further to Subsaharan countries where a polychronic time predominates. Patience, then, is truly a virtue for the person with a monochronic time system.</p>
<blockquote><p>Rhythm, tempo and synchrony are important components in communication, and obvious pitfalls for interlocutors from different cultures with respectively monochronic and polychronic systems.</p></blockquote>
<p>Time is a fascinating topic within cultural and intercultral discourse as it is deeply embedded in a culture. Many misunderstandings arise from the differences in perceptions of time. Polychronic cultures might be accused of laziness, inclined to interruptions, noisy and disruptive while monochronic cultures are easily accused of being unfriendly, impersonal, too private and reclusive. On a personal note I would again use the earlier introduced upgraded metaphor of the internet when Hall and Hall write that &#8220;(p)olychronic people live in a sea of information&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 16) and that they prefer to surround themselves with people and information. It is hard to live by a monochronic time in a global reality, although differences are still well embedded in national cultures.</p>
<p>Furthermore, time affects the information flow and the exchanges of information and whether it is &#8216;in sync&#8217;. Rhythm, tempo and synchrony are important components in communication, and obvious pitfalls for interlocutors from different cultures with respectively monochronic and polychronic systems. &#8220;When we take our own time system for granted and project it onto other cultures, we fail to read the hidden messages in the foreign time system and thereby deny ourselves vital feedback&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 18). Knowledge of time systems are vital for seamless communication and would embody undeniable prerequisites for the intercultural aware person.<br />
<a title="Layers by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/219346627/"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/91/219346627_5e4f8228ba.jpg" alt="Layers" width="500" height="333" /></a></p>
<p><a title="Layers by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/219346627/"></a><em>Layers of handwoven carpets in a bazar in Fez, Morocco. </em><br />
<strong>Interfacing.</strong> All of the discussed key concepts amount to five basic principles presented by Hall and Hall which they choose to call <em>cultural interfacing</em>. The degree of difficulty will increase if the context is higher, more complex,  distance greater and levels more abundant. However, very simple, low context, highly evolved, mechanical systems tend to produce fewer problems than the systems which require human talent for their success (Hall and Hall: 27).</p>
<p>In <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr3adyadHC4C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;ots=LQbTHzu95P&amp;dq=Understanding%20Cultural%20Differences&amp;pg=PA137#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">&#8220;Part 4: The Americans&#8221;</a> Hall and Hall set out to describe the cultural characteristics of Americans, which, considering the size of the country and the population, is rather daunting and close to impossible. Nevertheless, despite &#8220;its ethnic diversity, the U.S. has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 140). For historic reasons are many of the chief characteristics of the Northern American culture strongly influenced by its roots in northern Europe or Anglo-Saxon culture. The chapter discusses Americans&#8217; perspective on time, space, education, mobility and work ethic, and creates a knowledge base important for English language learners and users who will spend time in the US, or deal with American nationals. I will return to particulars in my discussion later on. Hall and Hall sum up their book at the end by reminding the reader &#8220;that culture is many things, but it is primarily a system for creating, sending, storing, and processing information&#8221; (Hall and Hall: 179). <em>Understanding Cultural Differences </em>does present, prepare and equip the reader with the necessary knowledge, but leaves the experience and the reflection to be explored.</p>
<p><strong>Veien til interkulturell kompetanse</strong></p>
<blockquote><p>Again, the book opens and concludes with the trinity of knowledge, experience and reflection, but spends considerable time and space on presenting and discussing concepts such as etnocentrism, multiperspectives, cultural relativism, stereotypes, prejudices, tolerance, verbal and non-verbal communication, perceptions, value systems, honor, conscience and adaptability.</p></blockquote>
<p>The world has gotten smaller, and coined expressions such as the &#8216;global village&#8217;, the &#8216;networked community&#8217; and other images giving the impression of a smaller world have perhaps prompted the Norwegian book <em><a href="http://www.eideforlag.no/?isbn=978-82-450-0784-8">Veien til interkulturell kompetanse</a></em> by Henrik Bøhn and Magne Dypedahl, which has a more updated and universal take on intercultural competence. In the preface of the book the authors write &#8220;Hvis kunnskap om interkulturell kommunikasjon kombineres med erfaring og refleksjon, er sjansene store for at man får bedre interkulturell kompetanse&#8221; (Bøhn and Dypedahl, 6), which roughly translates: If knowledge about intercultural communication is combined with experience and reflection, the possibilities for a better intercultural competence are greater (my trans.). If one could sum up the main message of the book it is the mantra of how intercultural competence is developed through knowledge, experience,  and reflection or attitudes.  The 11 chapters all begin with various scenarios from everyday life including exchanges from hospitals, business meetings, diplomatic encounters and exam situations &#8211; the recurring theme being confusion and &#8216;loss of face&#8217; due to lack of intercultural competence. Intercultural competence is needed in most situations in today&#8217;s society, but it is perhaps the school&#8217;s mandate and challenge to teach intercultural competence to equip students for a global &#8216;networked society&#8217;? Key components to intercultural competence according to Bøhn and Dypedahl are mutual understanding and respect. Is it possible to teach respect and attitudes in a language classroom?<br />
<a title="Modern times by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/1292045153/"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1406/1292045153_e499bd8b46.jpg" alt="Modern times" width="500" height="375" /></a></p>
<p><a title="Modern times by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/1292045153/"></a><em>Elderly Georgian man peeking behind the closures of a building site. Tbilisi, Georgia</em>.<br />
Again, the book opens and concludes with the trinity of knowledge, experience and reflection, but spends considerable time and space on presenting and discussing concepts such as etnocentrism, multiperspectives, cultural relativism, stereotypes, prejudices, tolerance, verbal and non-verbal communication, perceptions, value systems, honor, conscience and adaptability. All of these discussed concepts are more or less components of knowledge, but can only be reflected upon during and following experience of culture.</p>
<blockquote><p>One of the most substantial problems in intercultural communication is the assumption that others are like us</p></blockquote>
<p>Perhaps the most interesting point made by Bøhn and Dypedahl is presented in the final chapter. It is not revolutionary, and has been part of intercultural discourse for decades, but nonetheless it is an important one. Finding a &#8216;mellomposisjon&#8217;, or a &#8216;third place&#8217; (Kramsch 1993: 233) requires the knowledge of the mentioned concepts as well as the personal experiences which one can apply the knowledge to, and then in turn reflect upon one&#8217;s practices and perspectives.<br />
<a title="When silence took a holiday by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/2041113195/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2386/2041113195_47e3a58dc3.jpg" alt="When silence took a holiday" width="500" height="333" /></a></p>
<p><a title="When silence took a holiday by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/2041113195/"></a><em>Monk expecting pilgrims in the mountain range of Caucausia. Mt. Kazbegi, Georgia. </em><br />
This &#8216;third place&#8217;, or &#8216;mellomposisjon&#8217;, is yet another position, or perspective, and early on in Bøhn and Dypedahl&#8217;s book they discuss the interesting topic of multiperspectives. In order to attain such a position it requires training and experience to see the world from different perspectives (Bøhn and Dypedahl 16). One of the most substantial problems in intercultural communication is the assumption that others are like us (16). People do have different views of the world and differences in values, norms, traditions, habits and a range of preferences for how communication should take place (16). Bøhn and Dypedahl call for a constructive dialogue which leads to &#8216;perspektivflytting&#8217;, or shifts in perspective, ideally, if I have understood it correctly, a multiperspective. This is a lifelong process and can only be acquired through experience and reflection according to the authors of <em>Veien til interkulturell kompetanse</em>.  The most relevant and interesting points of the authors&#8217; discourse in the book are perspectives, context and communication. If I have to focus on skills to teach in the language classroom in an intercultural framework I would choose these.</p>
<p><strong>Perspectives.</strong> We all perceive the world differently, on a personal level based upon our values, norms, background, and experiences, but also on a cultural level based upon where we have been raised and lived our lives. All of these components embodies a persons&#8217; views of the world, and it will always be biased. &#8220;It gives us a flooring to view and assess what is good, right, desirable, positive and necessary&#8221; (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 52) (my trans.) This in turn leads to a <em>perception</em> of the world, and a perception is described as the process in our brains which takes place as a result of our observations and how we interpret them in such a way that they give meaning to us (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 52). Our perceptions are seen through a <em>kulturelt filter</em>, or cultural filter, which means that our interpretation of our observations are colored by our cultural background of internalized values, assumptions and comprehension (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 55). Interestingly, the authors use the Norwegian school as an example of <em>kulturbærere</em>, or cultural transferrals (my trans.) which transfers values such as gender equality, democracy and the individual&#8217;s rights in this particular case. This of course, is of great importance for a Norwegian student who travel abroad to keep in mind. Naturally, it is important to add that there are a distinction between partly individual personal traits, cultural characteristics and universal human traits. It might not be easy to distinguish the three levels of influences in one&#8217;s perspective of the world, but it should perhaps be obligatory to teach this knowledge and create an awareness of the learner&#8217;s perspective in order to understand the relationship between different perspectives which can be vital for reflection and developing an awareness of &#8220;the other&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Relevance to the intercultural classroom</strong></p>
<p>Bøhn and Dypedahl understand &#8216;intercultural competence&#8217; as an ability to communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds than their own. This requires a combination of <em>knowledge</em>, <em>skills</em> and <em>attitudes</em> (Bøhn: 152). I strongly believe this combination to be my mandate as a modern language teacher. Students need to be taught about stereotypes, cultures, communication styles, verbal and non-verbal communication as well as values (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 153). This embodies the basic knowledge of the target culture, in my case English, and involves both national cultures as well as subcultures as pointed out in figure 1 earlier.  I believe as a modern language teacher one can teach skills and to some extent attitudes, or perhaps more precisely facilitate and accommodate for a learning environment based upon basic human virtues such as respect for one another. This is particularly true being an international school with a range of students coming from a different background than a Norwegian. What the students might lack in knowledge and reflection they do make up for in personal experience and herein subconscious and dormant knowledge.</p>
<blockquote><p>The Common European Framework  renders a certain savoir-être to belong to the backbone of intercultural competence, which extends to existential attitudes &#8220;such as user/learner&#8217;s degree of openness towards, and interest in, new experiences, other persons, ideas, peoples, societies and cultures; willingness to relativise one&#8217;s own cultural viewpoint and cultural value-system; willingness and ability to distance oneself form conventional attitudies to cultural difference.</p></blockquote>
<p>How then does a modern language teacher teach the necessary skills to interpret and make sense of the students&#8217; experiences? The core skills can be defined to be <em>respect </em>and <em>responsibility </em>for one&#8217;s own culture and develop a skill of self-reflection.<a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Framework_EN.pdf"> The Common European Framework</a> (PDF link) renders a certain savoir-être to belong to the backbone of intercultural competence, which extends to existential attitudes &#8220;such as user/learner&#8217;s degree of openness towards, and interest in, new experiences, other persons, ideas, peoples, societies and cultures; willingness to relativise one&#8217;s own cultural viewpoint and cultural value-system; willingness and ability to distance oneself form conventional attitudies to cultural difference&#8221; (CEF: 105).  <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OWG8V1XIhloC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA3#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Michael Byram</a> points out the importance to relativise &#8220;learners&#8217; understanding of their own culutral values, beliefs and behaviours, and encouraging them to investigate for themselves the otherness around tehm, either in their immendiate physical environment or in their engagement with otherness which internationalisation and globalisation have brought into their world&#8221; (Byram: 3)</p>
<blockquote><p>The language classroom itself has been criticized for not being an authentic arena for developing cultural and communicative knowledge with textbook examples and artificial dialogues.</p></blockquote>
<p><a title="Georgian Military Highway by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/1021870885/"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1355/1021870885_72eee38115.jpg" alt="Georgian Military Highway" width="500" height="333" /></a></p>
<p><a title="Georgian Military Highway by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/1021870885/"></a><em>The Georgian Military Road finding its way northwards from Tbilisi to Vladikavkaz. Georgia.</em><br />
As both the Norwegian (L1) and English (L2) language teacher in a small school I do have the benefit of making these skills omnipresent in my lessons and in my communication with the students. Existensial skills breeds a self-reflection, which Claire Kramsch calls &#8216;the third place&#8217;. In addition to these skills I would add abilities to train skills such as listening, assessment and reflection in relation to personal perspective, the others&#8217; perspective, context and communication awareness. One might argue that these are universal skills in the formation of a young person, or as the Norwegian noun &#8216;dannelse&#8217;, or the German &#8216;Bildung&#8217;, would more accurately define. Skills which are necessary to become an independent thinking, critical and reflective citizen of the world, and language learners need &#8220;to define for themselves what this &#8216;third place&#8217;&#8221; is to them (Kramsch: 257). Although this theory rings true in a networked world I still think the language classroom presents unique opportunities to teach such skills and facilitate an environment for dialogues in which the students ca develop critical attitudes to their own culture, their peers&#8217; and perhaps more importantly, beyond the classroom. &#8220;In and through these dialogues, they may find for themselves this third place that they can name their own» (Kramch: 257). The modern language teacher is able to teach knowledge and help students to train their skills for reflection and hence equip them with necessary skills. As mentioned earlier, the ability to assess situations and decipher contexts to communicate appropriately and at the appropriate level is intercultural knowledge. To find a &#8216;third place&#8217;, or a &#8216;mellomposisjon&#8217;, and treat other cultures, in my case, the English-speaking world, with the appropriate respect tuned to the context is a refined skills, which starts in the language classroom.</p>
<p>The language classroom itself has been criticized for not being an authentic arena for developing cultural and communicative knowledge with textbook examples and artificial dialogues. In my case, this is not true, as the target language is part of all instructions in all subjects (except Norwegian) as well as part of colloquial speech in between classes. Experience, therefore, does also start in the classroom. Treating each other with respect and acquiring the valuable experience by putting the students in authentic learning situations in order to focus on developing their metaknowledge about communication and culture which in turn will contribute to the establishment of an intercultural competence. This development will continue throughout life, through the students&#8217; travels and adventures in business and leisure abroad and at home as they socialize with other people with other backgrounds and other values and norms. Bøhn and Dypedahl stress the fact that intercultural competence always can be refined and developed further as it is impossible to acquire all the knowledge needed to comprehend other people&#8217;s situations fully (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 158).</p>
<p>Experience requires reflection and again this is part of the modern language teacher&#8217;s responsibility. To equip the students with the necessary skills for reflecting on their experiences it is helpful to provide them with what Bøhn and Dypedahl presents as &#8216;refleksjonsknagger&#8217;, or markers for reflection. Understanding other peoples&#8217; set of thinking can either be explained by the conditions which are universal, cultural or individual (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 31). Teaching &#8216;markers for reflection&#8217; can create tools and skills for the students to develop reflective ability, which is crucial for intercultural competence. It is important, as the Norwegian authors point out, that our own integrity is not threatened by multiperspectivity or intercultural sensitivity (Bøhn and Dypedahl: 33). Understanding one&#8217;s own perception of culture in the context of ethnocentrism and taking the important &#8216;third positition&#8217; is an important component of the intercultural competence.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>The art of teaching is not only passing on information and knowledge, but quite possibly more importantly, to equip students with the appropriate tools and necessary skills to use the knowledge they acquire and will continue to accrue throughout life. Skills to interpret and assess contexts, seeking out different perspectives and ideally taking the role of the respectful, responsible and reflective person who engages in constructive and empathic dialogues with other people and aim not to necessarily to agree, but to be amazed and interested and acquire more experience to add to the lifelong learning which is increasingly important in a global reality. One of the perceptions of communication is &#8216;to do something together&#8217;, which does means that it is more important to create a constructive dialogue for mutual understanding rather than pass one-way information (Bøhn and Dypedahl). In my opinion the constructive cultural aware dialogue starts with the modern language teacher and her students, and is the goal for every lesson in the intercultural classroom.</p>
<p><strong>Reference list</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Byram, M., Nichols, A. &amp; Stevens, D. (2001). <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OWG8V1XIhloC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Developing Intercultural Competence in</a></em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OWG8V1XIhloC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false"> </a><em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OWG8V1XIhloC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Practice</a></em>. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.</p>
<p>Hall, Edward T. &amp; Mitchell Reed Hall. <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr3adyadHC4C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Understanding Cultural Differences</a></em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr3adyadHC4C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">.</a> Intercultural Press, Inc. (1990)</p>
<p>Kramsch, Claire. <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=73rFnM6qlrwC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Context%20and%20Culture%20in%20Language%20Teaching&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Context and Culture in Language Teaching</a></em>. Oxford University Press (1993)</p>
<p>Bøhn, Henrik et. al. <em>Veien til interkulturell kompetanse</em>. Fagbokforlaget (2009)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.coe.int/T/DG4/Linguistic/CADRE_EN.asp)">The Common European Framework</a></p>
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		<title>Mimesis in the classroom</title>
		<link>http://mortempo.net/2009/10/25/mimesis-in-the-classroom/</link>
		<comments>http://mortempo.net/2009/10/25/mimesis-in-the-classroom/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2009 16:42:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Morten</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Master]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reflection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dramaturgisk kompetanse]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mortempo.net/?p=426</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[(The presentation is in English as this is my target language, but reflection text in Norwegian.) Dette er en refleksjonstekst knyttet til et undervisningsopplegg i en engelsktime på ungdomstrinnet hvor dramaturgiske prinsipper er tatt i bruk. Dette er en oppgave i modulen Dramaturgisk kompetanse som er en del av mastergraden jeg tar ved NTNU, Trondheim. [...]]]></description>
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<p><strong><em>(The presentation is in English as this is my target language, but reflection text in Norwegian.)</em></strong></p>
<p>Dette er en refleksjonstekst knyttet til et undervisningsopplegg i en engelsktime på ungdomstrinnet hvor dramaturgiske prinsipper er tatt i bruk. Dette er en oppgave i modulen Dramaturgisk kompetanse som er en del av mastergraden jeg tar ved NTNU, Trondheim.</p>
<p><strong>Hensikt</strong></p>
<p>Hovedformålet med undervisningsplanen tar utgangspunkt i at denne elevgruppen består av to årskull, henholdsvis 9. og 10. trinn som deler undervisningstimer i en del fag, deriblant engelsk. I artikkelen &#8220;Dramaturgi og didaktikk &#8211; mellom i og om. Et forsøk på å utvide undervisningens semiotikk&#8221; redegjør Geir Karlsen for 10 dramaturgiske modeller hvor en av dem er &#8216;Hensikt&#8217;. Karlsen problematiserer &#8220;en ensidig målorientering som fører til instrumentalitet og paternalisme&#8221;, men understreker allikevel at &#8220;all dramaturgi forutsetter hensikt.&#8221;<br />
<a title="Skisse by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/4023545046/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2677/4023545046_fdcab834a4.jpg" alt="Skisse" width="500" height="375" /></a><br />
Denne undervisningstimen er tidlig i skoleåret og hovedhensikten for timen er tredelt. Et av målene er å arbeide og fremme respekt mellom elevene og er en forlengelse av skolens fokus på <em>Respect, Responsibility and Ready to Learn </em>(3Rs). Det er enkelte utfordringer innad i gruppene og gjensidig respekt danner grunnlaget for godt samarbeid og dernest god læring innad i gruppa bestående av begge årstrinn.</p>
<p>De to andre målene tar sikte på å øve elevene i å lytte, fokusere og konsentrere seg &#8211; altså, lytte til en fortelling, samt trene elevene i muntlighet i målspråket engelsk med spesielt fokus på dramatisk oppbygning og kreativ språkbruk. Dette er første time av et nytt tema som nettopp tar for seg muntlige tekster og oppbygningen av dramatiske tekster. Det er derfor underliggende å gjøre elevene bevisst på at det eksisterer grunnleggende dramatiske prinsipper for fortellinger slik som anslag, oppbygning, klimaks og avslutning. Derfor gjøres det et poeng av å gjøre form til en del av innholdet, både i min undervisningstime og selve presentasjonen hvor jeg reflekterer over undervisningen.</p>
<blockquote><p>læreren som en kunstner og lærergjerning(en) som en kunstart</p></blockquote>
<p>Samlet danner dette konteksten for denne engelsktimen, og som Karlsen reflekterer over i sin artikkel &#8220;ligger det flere lag, eller nivå av kontekster i og rundt en dramatisk hendelse som all undervisning i bunn og grunn er&#8221;, og på mange måter handler det også om å utfordre det vante, det rutinemessige og forutsigbare knyttet til roller og relasjoner i klasserommet. Muligheten for å skape et rom for det uvante utfordret jeg meg selv som lærer til å være regissør (med overblikk og fokus) samtidig som jeg tar innover meg Karlsens íde om &#8220;læreren som en kunstner og lærergjerning(en) som en kunstart&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Anslag:</strong> <em>Jeg begynte timen med å be elevene rydde klasserommet på målspråket engelsk, det vil si at de flyttet alle pulter og satte de mot veggen slik at vi frigjorde gulvet. Jeg ba elevene sette stolene sine i en halvsirkel med åpning mot meg. Dette skapte en stemning av forventning hvor elevene ville vite &#8220;Hva vi skulle gjøre?&#8221;. Jeg satt meg på min stol uten lærebøker og ventet på at elevene falt til ro og ble stille. Jeg fortalte så at jeg skulle fortelle en historie (all kommunikasjon foregår på målspråket engelsk). Elevene reagerte litt forskjellig, noen lo mens andre ble nysgjerrig og luften ble fylt av avventende spenning.</em></p>
<p><strong>Målgruppe</strong><br />
Elevgruppen består av 19 elever, hvor av det er 8 gutter og 11 jenter. Dette er en internasjonal skole og mange av elevene har andre morsmål enn norsk eller engelsk, men felles for de alle er at de snakker engelsk som fellesspråk. Elevene har ulike akadmiske forutsetninger og noen elever har lærings- og konsentrasjonsvansker.<br />
<a title="mimesis: idea by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/4042624525/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2515/4042624525_dfe8efdcb0.jpg" alt="mimesis: idea" width="500" height="296" /></a><br />
Ved å lage en fiksjonell kontekst for selve dramaet gis det en spesiell mulighet til å utnytte dramaets spennings og stemningsskapende potensialer. Da kan roller og relasjoner mellom roller åpne for og blir formidlet gjennom et bevisst fokus, og hvor undervisningsdramaet fylles med spenning. (Karlsen)</p>
<p><strong>Fortellingen: </strong><em>Jeg begynte med &#8220;Once upon a time&#8230;&#8221; og fortalte historien om hunden og fuglen (The bird and the dog). Jeg fortalte fortellingen frem til hvor hunden løper med fuglen på ryggen og stoppet så opp i fortellingen for å be elevene gjøre den første oppgaven.</em></p>
<p><strong>1. oppgave:</strong> <em>Den første oppgaven gikk ut på å be elevene lage en statue som illusterer hunden og fuglen som løper langs elven. Hunden med ett øye og fuglen med en vinge. De fleste gruppene løste oppgaven forholdsvis konvensjonelt som gjengir de fysiske egenskapene og bildet av hunden og fuglen i sine respektive stillinger. Men en gruppe skilte seg ut som fremstilte hunen og fuglen mer emosjonelt &#8211; de tre elevene holdt rundt hverandre og holdt tomlene opp mens de smilte. Alle gruppene fikk vist frem sine skulpturer for de andre i klassen. Noen synes det var artig, men andre lo litt av det og synes det var teit (&#8220;This is stupid.&#8221;)</em></p>
<p><em>Jeg ba elevene sette seg igjen og fortsatte fortellingen hvor jeg introduserer reven som sitter i hulen der de to vennene bor. Jeg legger vekt på å skape språklige bilder ved hjelp av adjektiv, intonasjon og rytme når jeg forteller. Det er en utfordring, men det fungerer ettersom de fleste elevene lever seg inn i fremføringen og fortellingen, men unntak av en elev som ler høylytt og ikke klarer å tilpasse seg den kollektive konvensjonen som råder: at de nå lytter. Jeg irettesetter eleven én gang. Jeg stopper så opp for å utfordre elevene med oppgave nummer to da jeg har fortalt at reven kommer med et tilbud til fuglen om å sitte på ryggen hans i stedet ettersom han er raskere enn hunden.</em></p>
<p><strong>Fortellerteknikk</strong></p>
<p>Jeg valgte en enkel fortelling etter inspirasjon fra Anna-Lena Østerns egen forelesning hvor hun tok utgangspunkt i en australsk fabel/barnefortelling om hunden med et blindt øye og fuglen med en vinge. Jeg valgte å fortelle den samme fortellingen på engelsk med utgangspunkt i den tradisjonelle aristoteliske dramaturgiske modellen ettersom den åpner for forføring og representasjon, eller innlevelse i rollene. Dette i seg selv er et poeng for meg med henvisning til formålet om å trene elevene i gjensidig respekt og empati. Østern skriver selv i sin artikkel &#8220;Dramapedagogikk&#8221; om hvordan &#8220;den dramatiska dramaturgin kallas också förförelsens dramaturgi, eftersom åskådaren känner sorg och lider utan att själv ha en personlig sorg eller genomgå ett personligt lidande&#8221; (2001).</p>
<blockquote><p>Hvert høydepunkt i fortellingen knyttes opp til verdivalg som overlates til elevene med dramaoppgaver som må løses i fellesskap.</p></blockquote>
<p>Hvert høydepunkt i fortellingen knyttes opp til verdivalg som overlates til elevene med dramaoppgaver som må løses i fellesskap. Disse høydepunktene utgjør selve intensiteten i hele øvelsen og selve anslaget skaper forventning og utfordrer både læreren i sin rolle og aktiviserer elevene som alt annet enn passive tilhørere. De blir deltagere og påvirker selve fortellingen. Karlsen velger å kalle dette en egen undervisningsrytmikk som utnytter &#8220;dramaets spennings og stemningsskapende potensialer&#8221; som &#8220;kommer til syne gjennom et bevvist forhold til det tidslige og stedslige ved dramaet&#8221;. Denne spenningen danner grunnlaget for intensiteten i fortellingen og undervisningens fremdrift.<br />
<a title="mimesis: intensity by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/4043369526/"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3036/4043369526_4fc0d52743.jpg" alt="mimesis: intensity" width="500" height="240" /></a><br />
<strong>2. oppgave:</strong> <em>Elevene ble nå bedt om å danne en &#8220;Conscience Procession&#8221; &#8211; en menneskelig korridor med to korresponderende rekker med ansiktene mot hverandre. Jeg hadde fått en frivillig til å være &#8220;fuglen&#8221; i fortellingen og denne personen skulle nå gå gjennom korridoren, mens jeg hadde bedt resten av elevene om å fortelle fuglen hva han burde gjøre etter at reven hadde gitt han det fristende tilbudet. Elevene summet litt før de hadde gjort seg opp en mening og formulert en frase, et ord eller en setning som enten favoriserte et &#8220;ja&#8221; eller et &#8220;nei&#8221; til fuglen. Eleven som skulle representere fuglen gikk så stille med lukkede øyne gjennom korridoren og fikk høre alle oppfordringene. Da eleven hadde kommet gjennom sto jeg på den siden og spurte eleven/fuglen om hva han hadde bestemt seg for. Denne øvelsen gjentok jeg med fem andre elever før vi gikk tilbake til halvsirkelen og fortsettelsen av fortellingen.</em></p>
<p>Fortellingen fortsetter med at fuglen takker ja til tilbudet fra reven og de løper avgårde og langs med elven, over åsen og inn i ørkenen. Der kaster reven fuglen fra seg og sier &#8220;Nå får du føle hvordan det er å være alene og forlatt.&#8221; Reven løper fra den forlatte fuglen og forsvinner i horisonten da fuglen hører reven ule. Jeg utfordrer nå elevene med den tredje oppgaven.</p>
<p><strong>Læreren som regissør</strong></p>
<p>Min rolle som lærer veksler strengt mellom regissør/forteller og tilrettelegger/utfordrer, som også skaper lukkede og åpne rom. Dette tilrettelegger for produktvisning gjennom gruppeoppgavene som blir gitt underveis, og skaper også et ideelt utgangspunkt for &#8216;den litterære samtalen&#8217; som kan følge en slik øvelse. Den påfølgende litterære samtalen kan aktualisere de opplevde problemstillingene og de bestemte følelsene elevene har kjent gjennom timen. Det kan være identifikasjonsfokuserte spørsmål, refleksjonsorienterte eller overføringsspørsmål av typen: &#8220;Kunne dette skjedd meg?&#8221;. Selv om fortellingen handler om dyr er det grunnleggende antroposofiske trekk som ligger til grunn og overføringsverdien er både åpenbar og fristende. Temaer som tilhørighet, trofasthet, vennskap og tillit er også lett gjenkjennelige i klasserommet og skolehverdagen til elevene.</p>
<blockquote><p>Temaer som tilhørighet, trofasthet, vennskap og tillit er også lett gjenkjennelige i klasserommet og skolehverdagen til elevene.</p></blockquote>
<p>Denne refleksjonen foregår hovedsakelig på metanivået, altså der elevene selv må agere og spille ut scener eller produsere tolkninger basert på mine instrukser der fortellingen stopper opp. Dette kan vi kalle tomromspedagogikk, eller resepsjonsestetikk som bygger på &#8220;tomme plasser&#8221; som leseren fyller ut som leser. Dette ble spesielt tydelig etter at 3. oppgave var løst.</p>
<p><strong>3. oppgave:</strong> <em>Elevene ble nå bedt om å gå inn i grupper og diskutere seg frem til hvordan revens hyl hørtes ut. De fikk noen minutter på seg og så skulle alle lukke øynene da de skulle fremføre. Denne oppgaven ble løst ulikt og skapte mye uro og latter. Jeg avsluttet oppgaven og ba elevene sette seg tilbake i halvsirkelen.</em></p>
<p><em>Elevene var nå veldig ivrig etter å høre hvordan det gikk med fuglen. Jeg hadde valgt å stoppe fortellingen her til elevenes store fortvilelse og min forbauselse. De krevde en ordentlig avslutning! En fortelling kunne ikke slutte slik &#8211; det var ikke riktig. Dette skapte engasjement og interesse &#8211; også blant elever som vanligvis ikke er så aktive i timene.</em></p>
<p><em>Jeg bestemte meg for å improvisere en siste oppgave: Elevene skulle selv dikte seg frem i grupper til avslutningen på fortellingen om hunden og fuglen. Elevene gikk i gang med iver og entusiasme.</em></p>
<p>Elevene reagerte altså med overraskelse, frustrasjon og en anelse indignasjon over at fortellingen sluttet ute i ørkenen. De satt igjen med mange spørsmål om hundens rolle, revens rolle og fuglens endelikt. Jeg hadde i utgangspunktet ikke planlagt noen øvelse på dette tidspunktet og ønsket å gå videre til en diskusjon rundt hvordan de hadde opplevd hele øvelsen. Jeg innså at jeg måtte improvisere og etterkom elevenes ønske om å dikte videre en avslutning på fortellingen.</p>
<p><strong>4. oppgave:</strong> <em>Elevene brukte vel fem minutter hver i grupper på å dikte seg frem til en avslutning, og da de var ferdige ba jeg de komme tilbake i halvsirkelen hvor de som ville skulle få presentere gruppas forslag til avslutning på fortellingen. Mange var veldig ivrige. Tre av gruppene presenterte/fortalte sitt bidrag og de var ganske så fantasifulle &#8211; fra den om fuglen som fant et hull hvor det bodde en slange uten tunge og en skorpion uten hale til den hvor hunden tok reven og reddet fuglen. Alle fortellingene ble godt mottatt og skapte både evne til å lytte og snakke sammen i gruppa.</em></p>
<p><strong>Lærerdramaturgi</strong></p>
<p>Karlsen skriver om hvordan en god lærer makter å bruke sin kunnskap og erfaring på en &#8220;situasjonstilpasset måte hvor konklusjonene uttrykt i konkrete handlinger er en sum av dette kombinert med intuisjon og situasjonsfølsomhet.&#8221; Postmodernistisk fortellerteknikk innebærer fragmentariske episoder, nærvær og situert fortelling, og igjen blir læreren utfordret på å &#8220;bruke kunsten som metode for å fremme læring&#8221; (Østern). Hvordan måler jeg så læringsutbytte?<br />
<a title="mimesis: opening by mortsan, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mortsan/4043388028/"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2719/4043388028_8806a37b45.jpg" alt="mimesis: opening" width="500" height="286" /></a><br />
Gjennom den påfølgende refleksjonsdiskusjonen med elevgruppa spør jeg tentativt om temaer, oppbygning, rollene og knyttet dette opp til to hovedområder. Det ene er det personlige, altså det som angår elevene som jeg hadde som uttalt læringsmål i undervisningsplanen, og det andre er det narrative knyttet opp til faget engelsk og temaet om muntlige tekster og oppbygningen av dramatiske tekster. De fleste elevene klarer å gi uttrykk for både det personlige og det narrative, og majoriteten har satt pris på en annerledes time hvor de fikk være med å delta og bidra til fortellingen i fellesskap.</p>
<blockquote><p>Grunnleggende ferdigheter som evnen til å lytte, evnen til å gi uttrykk for sine følelser, omsette tolkning i kreative dramatiske løsninger og samarbeidskompetanse gis alle rom i en slik undervisningsmodell som nettopp har bygget på dramaturgiske prinsipper.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Avslutning: <span style="font-weight: normal; "><em>Nesten hele timen hadde gått nå og jeg brukte de siste minuttene på og spørre elevene hva de trodde var poenget med disse øvelsene. En elev hadde i begynnelsen spurt &#8220;What&#8217;s the point?&#8221; og jeg henviste til denne kommentaren når jeg nå spurte elevene hva de trodde var poenget. Jeg fikk mange svar, blant annet:</em></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><em>for å lære å lytte</em></li>
<li><em>for å høre på andre</em></li>
<li><em>for å bli bedre kjent</em></li>
<li><em>klassemiljø</em></li>
<li><em>bruke hodet</em></li>
<li><em>være sammen</em></li>
<li><em>le og tulle</em></li>
<li><em>mobbing</em></li>
<li><em>om å føle seg utenfor</em></li>
<li><em>for å tenke</em></li>
<li><em>for å gjøre noe annerledes enn å skrive i boka eller å lese i boka</em></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Elevene uttrykte altså en glede over å lytte til en fortelling selv om den var enkel og kanskje litt barnslig, men de likte det godt og synes det var spennende med en annerledes skoletime.</em></p>
<p><strong>Oppsummerende refleksjon</strong><br />
Ved å ta i bruk dramaturgiske modeller i språkfaget bryter en med konvensjonene for en tradisjonell engelsktime og nettopp ved å bryte med forventninger ligger det et anslag om noe annerledes. Karlsen nevner spenning som et av de 10 dramaturgiske modellene, og understreker at konflikt som element ikke nødvendigvis er det viktigste, men at spenning kan &#8220;forståes i forhold til innramming og tvang/begrensning&#8221; og at &#8220;Spenning kan være skapt av oppgaven/spørsmålene. Spesielt i oppgavene elevene fikk lå arbeidsformen og kompetanseutbyttet. Elevene, som læreren, ble utsatt for noe nytt og ble utfordret til å løse kreative oppgaver sammen med medelever med utgangspunkt i personlige erfaringer og deres kunnskap om det narrative. Gjennom den aristoteliske dramaturgiske modellen legges det opp til verdivalg som senere danner grunnlag for en god diskusjonsrunde med elevene hvor læringsutbytte kommer til uttrykk i refleksjoner rundt mange ulike temaer og tanker rundt erfart læring.</p>
<p><strong>Kilder</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Karlsen, Geir. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dramaturgi og didaktikk &#8211; mellom i og om. Et forsøk på å utvide undervisningens semiotikk<span style="font-style: normal;">. Trondheim 2009</span></span></em></span></p>
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